1.3.1 Global Warming Scenarios with the R30 Coupled Model
1.3.2 Global Warming Scenarios with the R15 Coupled Model
1.3.3 Extratropical Circulation Trends in Observations and in R30
Scenario Integrations
1.3.4 Comparison of Observed and Simulated Trends in Sea Ice Extent
1.3.5 Equilibrium Response of a Coupled Model to CO₂ Increase

1.4 SIMULATION OF CLIMATE VARIATIONS DURING THE LAST GLACIAL CYCLE

1.5 COUPLED MODEL DEVELOPMENT

1.5.1 Development of the Ocean Component of the Coupled
Climate Model
1.5.2 Development of the Atmospheric Component of the Coupled
Climate Model

1.6 HYDROLOGY AND GLOBAL CLIMATE

1.6.1 Observed Interannual Variability of River Discharge
1.6.2 Water and Energy Balance Models
1.6.3 Development of New Land Model

1.7 WAVES, TURBULENCE, AND THE GENERAL CIRCULATION

1.7.1 Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillations
1.7.2 Moist Convective Turbulence
1.7.3 Geostrophic Turbulence
1.7.4 Mechanisms of Interdecadal Variability in the North Atlantic
1.7.5 Jovian Atmospheric Circulation

2. ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES

2.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER

2.1.1 Solar Benchmark Computations
2.1.2 Shortwave Parameterizations
2.1.3 Analysis of Solar Flux Measurements
2.1.4 Clear-Sky Shortwave Radiative Flux
2.1.5 Infrared Parameterization
2.1.6 Intercomparison of Radiation Codes

2.2 CONVECTION-CLOUDS-RADIATION-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS

2.2.1 Cumulus Parameterization
2.2.2 Limited-Area Non-Hydrostatic Models
2.2.3 Single Column Modeling Tests of Physical Parameterizations
2.2.4 Subgrid-Scale Variability in Cloud Processes
2.2.5 Development of Physical Parameterizations for GCMs

2.3 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND TRANSPORT

2.3.1 Fast Photochemical Solver Development
2.3.2 Boundary Layer Transport
2.3.3 Biomass Burning
2.3.4 Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide
2.3.5 Simulation of the Observed Tropospheric Column Ozone Maximum
in the Tropical South Atlantic Ocean
2.3.6 Asian Impacts on Regional and Global Air Quality
2.3.7 GCM Simulation of Carbonaceous Aerosol Distribution

2.4 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND CIRCULATION

2.4.1 SKYHI Model Development
2.4.2 SKYHI Control Integrations and Basic Model Climatology
2.4.3 Spontaneous QBO-like Tropical Wind Oscillations in SKYHI Simulations
2.4.4 Low-Frequency Variability of Simulated Stratospheric Circulation
2.4.5 Horizontal Spectra from High-Resolution SKYHI Integrations
2.4.6 Parameterized Gravity Wave Drag in the SKYHI Model
2.4.7 Effect of Advection Schemes
2.4.8 GCM Chemical Simulation with an Imposed Tropical Quasi-Biennial
Oscillation
2.4.9 Observational Studies Related to Middle Atmospheric Issues
2.4.10 Dynamics of the Martian Atmosphere

2.5 CLIMATIC EFFECTS DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC SPECIES

2.5.1 Lower Stratospheric Ozone and Temperature Trends
2.5.2 Radiative Forcing Due to Tropospheric Aerosols and Ozone
2.5.3 Radiative Effects of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions
2.5.4 Radiative Forcing Due to Stratospheric Aerosols
2.5.5 Radiative Effects of Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and the
Water Vapor Continuum

3. EXPERIMENTAL PREDICTION

3.1 FLEXIBLE MODELING SYSTEM

3.1.1 Global Atmospheric Grid Point Model Development
3.1.2 Parallel Model Memory Management and I/O
3.1.3 Modular Physics Parameterizations
3.1.4 Coupled Model Development
3.1.4.1 Coupler
3.1.4.2 Coupled Models
3.1.5 General Diagnostic Package
3.1.6 Coordinated Global Modeling Project

3.2 ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC PREDICTION AND PREDICTABILITY

3.2.1 Seasonal Prediction and Model Development
3.2.1.1 Ocean Model Simulations
3.2.1.2 Examination of Air-Sea Feedbacks
3.2.1.3 Parameterization of Convection
3.2.1.4 Sensitivity to Convection Onset Thresholds
3.2.1.5 Equatorial Response to Different Specifications of Low Clouds
3.2.1.6 Impact of Prescribed Land and Ocean Clouds
3.2.1.7 Dynamical Seasonal Prediction
3.2.1.8 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Projects
3.2.2 Seasonal/Interannual Predictability
3.2.2.1 Coupled Model Predictability of the Tropical Pacific Ocean
3.2.2.2 Potential Predictability of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillations
3.2.2.3 Interannual and Interdecadal Predictability of Tropical Storms
3.2.2.4 Extratropical Variability and Blocking
3.2.2.5 Impact of Atmospheric Noise on ENSO Simulations

3.3 DATA ASSIMILATION

3.3.1 Four-Dimensional Variational Ocean Data Assimilation
3.3.2 Nonlinear Filter for Ensemble Data Assimilation

3.4 OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS

4. OCEANIC CIRCULATION

4.1 WORLD OCEAN STUDIES

4.1.1 Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO)
4.1.2 The ACC and the Ocean's Thermohaline Circulation
4.1.3 General Circulation and Thermocline Theory
4.1.4 Sea Ice Model Development
4.1.5 Bottom Boundary Layer Representation in Ocean Models
4.1.6 North Atlantic Studies

4.2 MODEL DEVELOPMENT

4.2.1 Modular Ocean Model (MOM)
4.2.2 sopycnal Coordinate Model Development
4.2.3 Model Physics and Numerical Discretization

4.3 COASTAL OCEAN MODELING AND PREDICTION

4.3.1 Princeton Ocean Model Development and Testing
4.3.2 East Coast Modeling and Forecasting
4.3.3 West Coast Modeling and Forecasting

4.4 CARBON SYSTEM

4.4.1 A Global-Scale Picture of Carbon Sinks and Sources
4.4.2 Localizing Terrestrial Carbon Sinks
4.4.3 Modelling Ocean Carbon Cycling: OCMIP-2
4.4.4 Observational Studies at the Ocean Tracers Laboratory
4.4.5 Oceanic Inverse Models
4.4.6 Glacial-Interglacial Changes in Atmospheric CO₂4.4.7 Nitrogen Cycling
4.4.8 Silicon Cycling
4.4.9 Modeling Biological Production in the Ocean

5. CLIMATE DIAGNOSTICS

5.1 DIAGNOSIS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF DATASETS BASED ON RADIOSONDE OBSERVATIONS

5.1.1 Sensitivity of Radiosonde Temperature Trends to Data Quality
5.1.2 Towards a Temporally Homogeneous Radiosonde
Temperature Dataset

5.2 ANALYSIS OF DATASETS BASED ON SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS

5.2.1 Diurnal Cycle of Convection, Clouds, and Water Vapor in the
Tropical Upper Troposphere
5.2.2 Reconciling Surface and Satellite Temperature Records

5.3 AIR-SEA INTERACTION

5.3.1 Impact of ENSO on the Variability of the Asian-Australian Monsoons
5.3.2 Simulated and Observed Extratropical Atmosphere-Ocean
          Coupling Associated with ENSO Variability
5.3.3 Simulated Climatological Seasonal Evolution in the Tropical Eastern
          Pacific and Tropical Atlantic
5.3.4 A Coupled Ocean Mixed-Layer/Atmospheric General Circulation
          Model for Climate Studies
5.3.5 Global Precipitation and Moisture Transport Variability Associated
          with ENSO

5.4 DEVELOPMENT OF WEB-BASED TOOLS FOR VISUALIZING AND EVALUATING MODEL OUTPUT

5.5 GFDL/UNIVERSITIES COLLABORATIVE PROJECT FOR MODEL DIAGNOSIS

6. HURRICANE DYNAMICS

6.1 HURRICANE PREDICTION SYSTEM

6.1.1 Performance in the 1998 Hurricane Season
6.1.2 Analysis of the Forecast Results
6.1.3 The 1999 Hurricane Season

6.2 HURRICANE PREDICTION CAPABILITY

6.2.1 Extended Prediction
6.2.2 Impact of Satellite-Observed Winds on GFDL Track Forecasts
6.2.3 Improvement in the Initialization
6.2.4 Evaluation of Storm Structure in Model Forecasts

6.3 BEHAVIOR OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

6.3.1 Hurricane Intensity in a High-CO₂ Climate
6.3.2 Tropical Cyclone-Ocean Interaction

6.4 MODEL IMPROVEMENT

7. MESOSCALE DYNAMICS

7.1 ANALYSIS OF MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES AND STORM TRACKS

7.1.1 Observed Cyclone Evolution Along Winter Storm Tracks

7.2 THE EVOLUTION OF MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES

7.2.1 The Evolution and Feedback of Cyclones in Storm Track Simulations
7.2.2 The Couplet as a Distinct Pattern of Eddy Evolution
7.2.3 The Cyclone-Frontal Structure

7.3 TOPOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN ATMOSPHERIC FLOWS

7.3.1 Blocking and Upstream Frontogenesis by Mountain Ridges
7.3.2 Effect of Condensation and Evaporation on Mountain Drag
7.3.3 Gravity Wave Parameterization over the Rockies

7.4 MODEL DEVELOPMENT

7.4.1 Improvements to the Hydrostatic Zeta Model
7.4.2 Improvements to the Nonhydrostatic Compressible Zeta Model

8. TECHNICAL SERVICES

8.1 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

8.1.1 Supercomputing Systems
8.1.2 Scientific Workstation Network
8.1.3 Administrative Network
8.1.4 NOAA High-Performance Computing Study
8.1.5 FY 2000 Procurement

8.2 DATA MANAGEMENT

8.3 DATA VISUALIZATION

8.4 INFORMATION AND PRESENTATION RESOURCES

8.5 PUBLIC INFORMATION DISSEMINATION AND OUTREACH

APPENDIX A		GFDL STAFF MEMBERS AND AFFILIATED PERSONNEL DURING FISCAL YEAR 1999
APPENDIX B		GFDL BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX C		SEMINARS GIVEN AT GFDL DURING FISCAL YEAR 1999
APPENDIX D		TALKS, SEMINARS, AND PAPERS PRESENTED OUTSIDE GFDL DURING FISCAL YEAR 1999
APPENDIX E		ACRONYMS

*Portions of this document contain material that has not yet been formally published and may not be quoted or referenced without explicit permission of the author(s).