Mellor, G. L., 1989: Retrospect on oceanic boundary layer modeling and second moment closure. In Proceedings, 5th 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Workshop, Paramaterization of Small-Scale Processes, Hawaii: Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Special Publication, 251-272.

Abstract: Models that describe ocean surface and bottom layers are discussed in the context of numerical ocean modeling; second moment turbulence models are emphasized. Here, we deal with the methodology and with errors that have been encountered. Errors relate to: (i) inadequate model resolution and boundary conditions which are, oftentimes, severely filtered, (ii) errors in the surface forcing variables, and (iii) inherent errors in model physics. It is difficult to quantify and even identify the errors in each category. We begin here to evaluate (i). One finding is that error is reduced if observed, large horizontal scale, internal wave energy is included in the turbulence energy, closure equations.